A Russian court confirmed that the “thumbs up” emoji is equal to signing a contract. According to the court’s decision, the “thumbs up” emoji has legal force because it means “good” in the common sense.

A businesswoman entered into a contract to purchase a mobile trading kiosk and made an advance payment. The parties had to discuss the coloring of the kiosk before the transaction. They communicated via a messenger, but no documents regarding the coloring were signed - so the seller did not hand over the kiosk to the buyer. The buyer filed a lawsuit.

The court upheld the claim, finding that the buyer’s “thumbs up” emoji confirmed her agreement with the coloring offered by the seller in a messenger.

The decision of the Russian court corresponds to the global practice - courts of different countries have repeatedly made similar decisions.

Lawyers of Kerosinsky Legal advise to be careful not only when signing documents, but also in сommunications via messengers and by email. A message may have the force of a contract.

Liquidating a company is a complex and time-consuming procedure. In average the liquidation takes about a year.

Starting from October 10, 2023, a Russian company may can be liquidated in a simplified procedure. The duration of such liquidation will be three months only.

To initiate the simplified liquidation, the shareholders shall file an application - this can be done online on the website of the tax authority. The tax authority will publish a notice on liquidation in a special periodical, complete all formalities, and the company will be deleted from the companies’ register in approximately three months.

A company must meet the following requirements to use the simplified procedure:

- shall be included into the registry of small and medium-sized enterprises;

- shall not be a VAT-payer;

- shall have no creditors, overdue taxes, real estate, and vehicles;

- shall have no records on false information in the companies’ register;

- shall not be in the process of reorganization or liquidation.

Liquidation, either general or simplified, requires complying with many formalities. Failure to do that can result in loss of time and money, and in some cases may lead to personal liability or even a prohibition for the CEO and shareholders to head and establish companies in the future.

Please contact the professionals of Kerosinsky Legal to carry out liquidation in compliance with all regulations and free yourself from liabilities.

A new law has been introduced to the Russian Parliament, providing that an email may be used as the official address of a company recorded in the company’s register.

To take advantage of this innovation, a company needs to include this option into its charter.

Just like a postal address, the email address will be used as the official channel for communications. For example, an official claim or a letter can be sent to the company's email.

If a company uses email as its official address, messages for this company will be considered delivered if they are sent to the email address specified in the companies’ register.

Currently many companies do not need an office. For example, an office may be unnecessary if employees work from home. However, even in the absence of such business need, companies continue to rent premises, because they must have an official address by law.

It is expected that the anticipated changes will reduce business expenses while maintaining the ability for prompt communication with a legal entity.

Please contact Kerosinsky Legal if your company needs an address, office, or a production site. Our lawyers will check the owner, the premises, make necessary changes to the contract, and protect your company from unjustified expenses and legal risks.

In accordance with legislation on money laundering, banks are obligated to monitor transactions conducted by clients. When suspicious transactions occur, banks may suspend banking operation of the company and apply other restrictive measures. When such measures are applied, a company has six months to file objections.

If the company fails to file objections, or if the restrictive measures are confirmed by a special commission or the court, the Central Bank of Russia notifies the tax authority – and the tax authority excludes the company from the companies’ register. Relevant changes have been made to the legislation.

In case of exclusion from the register on the aforementioned grounds, the company's CEO and shareholders will be prohibited from establishing and heading legal entities for three years.

Please contact experienced lawyers and accountants of Kerosinsky Legal to perform banking operations in accordance with the law and protect your company from the risk of exclusion from the companies’ register.

Russia plans to adopt a separate law to regulate its creative industry.

Such industry will be defined as activities related to production, promotion, and implementation of creative products.

Types of creative industries will be established in the law:

- associated with the use of historical and cultural heritage (galleries, museums, etc.);

- involving literary and artistic works;

- using information and telecommunication technologies (data processing, software development, advertising, publishing, media activities, etc.);

- productive creativity (clothing, accessories, design, food, etc).

Information about a subject of the creative industry may be included into a special registry - and such company may be eligible for government support.

Some experts doubt the necessity of this law. However, in case of its adoption, the law shall be considered by companies engaged in the creative sector.

Stay tuned to Kerosinsky Legal to be aware of all important legislative updates applicable to your company.

Starting from January 1, 2024, income of foreign companies from sources in Russia will include revenues from works and services provided to its Russian affiliates (for example, to a Russian subsidiary).

Such income shall be subject to the profit tax at the rate of 15%.

Please contact tax specialists of Kerosinsky Legal for professional consultations on international taxation.

Highly Qualified Specialist (HQS) is the most convenient form to engage a foreign employee in Russia. The status of an HQS offers numerous advantages: work permits and visas are issued for 3 years, HQS pays personal income tax at the rate applicable to residents, smaller social contributions apply, etc.

The main criterion for classifying a foreign employee as an HQS is the amount of his/her salary. The minimum salary for an HQS is currently 167,000 rubles per month.

Starting from March 1, 2024, the minimum salary for an HQS is established at 750,000 rubles per quarter.

This means that companies must sign addendums to employment contracts and set the salary for their HQS at no less than 250,000 rubles per month. It may be also necessary to pay an HQS a bonus to ensure that his/her total income for the first quarter of 2024 amounts to at least 750,000 rubles.

Companies are required to quarterly report on the amounts of remuneration paid to HQS. Failure to provide reporting or reporting in violation of the form entails the risk of fines ranging from 400,000 to 1,000,000 rubles.

Please contact migration specialists of Kerosinsky Legal to obtain HQS status for your foreign employees, file necessary reports, and protect your company from significant penalties.

It will be possible to open a business in Russia online.

The new service includes registration of a standard company, obtaining an electronic signature, and opening a bank account.

The service is free of charge. It will be possible to establish a company using an online service of the Federal Tax Service or one of the banks participating in the experiment.

Establishing a limited liability company as part of the experiment is only possible with one participant, and if this participant simultaneously acts as the CEO of the company.

The new service is not available for foreign shareholders yet.

If a standard company with one Russian shareholder is not sufficient for you, please contact Kerosinsky Legal for a tailor-made company designed specially for you!

On February 27, 2024, Russian Parliament adopted a law on international settlements in digital financial assets (DFAs).

However, the new law does not refer to cryptocurrency, as DFAs are defined in Russian legislation as tokens (special rights) issued under Russian law through an operator recorded in a special registry.

The amendments to the law allow the use of DFAs in foreign trade, define the procedure for purchasing DFAs, and determine the powers of state authorities to regulate such operations.

Some experts express critical opinions about the new law, pointing out that settlements in DFAs will only be recognized within Russian systems, that may not fully serve the interests of foreign business.

If you are not yet ready to conduct settlements in DFAs, please contact Kerosinsky Legal to develop a reliable system of settlements with foreign counterparties that takes into account all your business needs as well as modern realities.

Russia plans to adopt a law that will regulate operation of online marketplaces.

The law may come into force on March 1, 2025.

The law will define the procedures for interaction between marketplaces, sellers, and pickup points, and establish requirements for contracts between them (for example, it will be prohibited to include into contracts the provisions for marketing, logistics, and other trade-related services).

Marketplaces will be required to identify sellers and owners of pickup points and request confirmation documents from them.

Additionally, it will be forbidden to charge buyers for returning goods.

The law will also limit the cost of marketplace services, the size of penalties, as well as introduce other restrictions.

Russian Ministry of Economic Development has elaborated a draft law, providing that LLC participants leaving the company shall receive a compensation in the amount of the market value of their share in the share capital.

Independent appraisers will be engaged by companies to determine the market value of the share. In this case, the services of an appraiser must be paid by the leaving shareholder.

Should a shareholder disagree with the result of the assessment, the shareholder will be entitled to apply to a court.

The same mechanism will be used in other cases when a share is transferred to an LLC (if it is impossible to sell the share to third parties or to transfer it by inheritance, when a participant is excluded from the company, when the value of the share is paid to the creditors of a shareholder).

In accordance with current legislation, a shareholder leaving the company is paid an amount equal to the company’s net assets, proportional to the share. This amount is often not a fair compensation, what leads to disputes and litigations.

The new law is expected to make compensation for the leaving shareholders more fair.

Russia wants to recognize cryptocurrency mining as an industrial sector and assign it its own classification code for economic activities (OKVED).

Assigning a code to mining will bring it out of the "grey zone," help attract investments, and facilitate the development and taxation of the sector. This will also allow the application of state support measures (grants, subsidies, tax benefits) to mining, similar to those applied in other economic sectors.

Russia ranks second in the world in terms of cryptocurrency mining volume – its mining capacities consume industrial-scale amounts of electricity. "Legalization" of mining will aid in the development of the energy sector, the planning of electricity consumption, and consequently, in reducing energy shortages.

However, some experts believe that a law on mining shall be adopted first.

Electronic copies of foundation documents (charters) of Russian companies can be now downloaded online.

To access these documents, please visit the website of the Federal Tax Service at https://service.nalog.ru/puchdoс and log in via the State Services Portal (Gosuslugi).

After that you will be able to download the charter and any amendments thereto.

If the company uses a standard charter, the service will display the number of the charter and offer to download its text.

This service is provided free of charge.

The possibility to obtain paper copies of foundation documents also remains available. To do this, please contact the tax authority at the company's location and pay the fee for the copy.

The service is currently operating in a test mode and allows no more than 10 requests per day.

The new feature is expected to reduce time and financial costs for businesses.

Starting from fall 2024, only companies and individual entrepreneurs included in a special registry will be entitled to mine cryptocurrency. Individuals will be allowed to mine as long as they do not exceed established energy consumption limits.

Miners will be required to notify government authorities about the cryptocurrency they have mined, providing a special identification code.

Mined cryptocurrency can only be sold abroad. Transactions involving cryptocurrency will require reporting.

Mining may be prohibited in certain regions and territories by the government.

Advertisement of cryptocurrency and organization of its circulation (except for mining pools) will be banned as well.

Until recently, bankruptcy proceedings for a legal entity could be initiated if a company was unable to fulfill its obligations amounting to RUB 300 000 (approx. EUR 3 000) within three months.

This low threshold led to the abuse of the right to file a bankruptcy petition to the court.

Starting from May 29, 2024, the minimum debt required to initiate bankruptcy proceedings will be 2 000 000 rubles (approx. EUR 20 000).

Other changes to bankruptcy legislation have been also introduced, including the simplification of certain decision-making processes (in some cases, a judge can now make a decision based on existing documents, without the need for a court hearing).

Russia will issue temporary residence permits (TRP) to foreigners under a simplified procedure.

TRP is issued for a period of up to 3 years and allows to stay and work in Russia.

TRP will be issued without taking into account the quota approved by the government and without checking proficiency in the Russian language, knowledge of history and legislation.

To obtain a TRP under a simplified procedure, a foreign citizen must indicate that he/she supports Russian policy and values.

To enter into Russia for obtaining a TRP, a single-entry private visa will be issued for the period of three months.

The list of countries whose citizens can use the simplified procedure will be published by the government.

Federal Tax Service of Russia plans to determine the status of individuals as residents and non-residents of the Russian Federation automatically. The new procedure will use the data on foreign passports and border crossings.

Tax residents of the Russian Federation are individuals who spent in Russia at least 183 days over the past 12 months. Reduced personal income tax rates (from 13%) are used for tax residents, while increased rates (generally, 30%) shall apply for non-residents.

Currently, residency is determined "manually" - through requests to the Federal Border Service, by examining foreign passports and other documents (tickets, hotel receipts, etc.).

The new procedure is planned to be implemented in 2025. It is expected that the new system will increase budget revenues from personal income tax, as well as release employees and employers from the obligation to determine residency.

The pilot project for the "tax free" system has been recognized as successful and will now be implemented permanently.

Until December 31, 2024, Russia is conducting an experiment to introduce the "tax free" system, where foreign citizens are reimbursed for VAT when exporting goods outside the EAEU. A similar system operates in many countries around the world.

Now, the system will continue to operate beyond December 31, 2024. This will help promote tourism and trade.

From July 1, 2024, receiving documents from abroad has become easier and faster.

Now Russian consulates will be able to convert official documents into electronic form and certify them with an electronic signature. Such documents can be sent to Russia via electronic channels and converted back into paper by a Russian notary.

The procedure is as follows: a citizen applies for certification of a document (power of attorney, will, birth certificate, marriage certificate, etc.) at a Russian consulate abroad. The consulate prepares a paper document, scans it and signs it with the electronic signature of the consul. The citizen receives by e-mail the document as a PDF file, as well as a SIG file with the electronic signature of the consul.

The cost of the consulate's service for converting a document into electronic form is EUR 10 per page.

The citizen can then use the document in electronic form or contact a Russian notary, who will print out the document and certify its equivalence to the electronic version. A paper document certified by a notary will have the force of the original.

Starting from March 1, 2025, rules for holding shareholders' meetings of JSCs and LLCs in the form of remote participation will be introduced. When holding such a meeting, it will be necessary to conduct a video broadcast and keep a record. It will also be possible to vote with electronic ballots or send scanned ballots (previously, ballots were only on paper). From September 1, 2027, identification of shareholders during remote participation will be carried out by electronic signature or through the state services center “Gosuslugi”.

From September 1, 2024, the decision to elect a CEO of an LLC shall be certified by a notary. An application for registering the new CEO in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities will be also submitted by a notary.

From March 1, 2025, the law will fix new procedures for the board of directors of LLCs and JSCs: the board of directors will be able to hold also remote meetings. The concept of quorum (at least half of the board members) will be introduced for a meeting of the board of an LLC. Requirements for the board minutes will be established.

Other changes have also been made, including the right of a joint-stock company to suspend sending notices on shareholders' meetings and dividends to those shareholders whose dividends and notices have been returning to the company over the past two years.

Company charters must be updated.

Please contact our professional lawyers to find out all details and bring your charter in compliance with the new law.

Shareholders of Russian limited liability companies enjoy a pre-emptive right to purchase shares that are sold by other shareholders.

A bill was adopted in the first reading stating that this right can be limited by the charter (via a unanimous decision of all shareholders.

The pre-emptive right may not be applied to all shareholders, to certain shareholders or shareholders with the specified characteristics (for example, having a certain share).

It will also be possible to establish that the pre-emptive right does not apply or is applied upon the occurrence of certain terms or conditions.

The transfer of a share does not entail the transfer of these restrictions to a new shareholder.

The bill is intended to consolidate the position already confirmed by Russian case law that the pre-emptive right is optional. The draft law is another step towards increasing the flexibility of corporate procedures applied in LLCs.

Please contact our lawyers to comply with corporate procedures and protect your rights as company owners.

Earlier, a person donating real estate could either sign a simple agreement or certify the donation through a notary.

Starting from January 13, 2025, any donation of real estate between individuals shall be certified by a notary. Such amendments have been made to the Civil Code.

Documents for registration of rights to real estate can be still filed to the real estate authority directly or via a notary.

Please contact our lawyers to check real estate and support its purchase, sale or lease.

Until March 14, 2025, tax authorities verified company addresses for "mass registration" when registering them in the Russian companies’ register (EGRUL).

An address is considered "address of mass registration" if five or more companies are registered there. Tax authorities view such addresses with suspicion, assuming they may be fictitious — used for company registration without actual business operations.

If a company submits such address for its registration in EGRUL an inspection is initiated and address registration may be denied.

This entails problems for companies located in business centers, as they often face difficulties registering their addresses due to suspicions of mass registration.

Starting from the indicated date, tax authorities will no longer check companies’ addresses for mass registration when registering them in EGRUL. This should allow companies sharing the same address to normally register their locations as provided by law.

The lawyers of Kerosinsky Legal are ready to assist you with company registration, including address changes and other updates in EGRUL.

Currently, a Russian joint-stock company or a limited liability company cannot have as its sole shareholder another company, that also has only one shareholder.

A bill that cancels this restriction was adopted in the first reading.

However, in such case, the company cannot have as CEO its shareholder or the same person who is a CEO of its shareholder. This restriction will not apply to companies that were created in accordance with the exceptions provided by law before the new law comes into force.

Please contact lawyers of Kerosinsky Legal to create the correct corporate structure of your company.

Currently, when a share in a Russian LLC is transferred to the LLC itself, the company is obliged to pay the former shareholder the “real value” of this share – i.e. a part of the company’s net assets proportional to such share.

At the same time, a real value of a share often does not coincide with its market value. This causes disputes and disagreements.

It is now proposed to provide in the law that the share’s market price shall be paid to the former shareholder following his request.

The market price of a share shall be determined by an appraiser.

It is expected that this innovation will provide exiting shareholders with the opportunity to receive fair compensation for their shares. However, some experts believe that the innovation may lead to controversial situations when, for example, a shareholder with a 30% share exits the company and demands to pay him the market value of the share equal to 50% of the company’s net assets.

Please contact lawyers of Kerosinsky Legal for a professional solution to any corporate issue.

It is known that Russian courts often side with employees. This trend continues into early 2025. Our legal experts have outlined the most illustrative cases and current trends in judicial practice.


Dismissal by mutual agreement
The number of mutual termination agreements successfully contested by employees in court is growing. Employees argue that the employer “pressured” them or threatened dismissal “for cause,” or that they “didn’t understand what they were signing.” In some cases, employees receive compensation and challenge the dismissal, getting reinstated. Employers are advised not to pressure employees and to clearly explain the consequences of employment termination.

Voluntary resignation
For similar reasons, employees also successfully contest voluntary resignations. They also actively use their right to withdraw a resignation letter, including by sending it by mail before 11:59 PM of the last working day. Employers are advised to inform employees of their rights and confirm that the resignation is truly voluntary (e.g. by filling in a special questionnaire). Employers are obligated to process a voluntary resignation even if there are grounds for disciplinary dismissal.

Staff reductions
Employers must justify the economic and technical reasons that necessitate staff reductions. Available vacancies must be offered to all affected employees at the same time. Employers are also required to offer positions that may require retraining.

Absenteeism
Absence for valid reasons (such as visiting a doctor, car breakdown, lack of public transport, etc.) is not considered absenteeism. Dismissal for absenteeism is unlawful if the employer did not suffer adverse consequences. It is also unlawful to dismiss an employee for absenteeism if he/she had no prior disciplinary issues.

Compensations
Calculation of overtime pay must be based also on compensatory and incentive payments (not just on the base salary). Unused rest days for work on weekends must also be compensated upon dismissal.

Please contact Kerosinsky Legal to ensure the protection of employer’s and employee’s rights, prevent conflicts, and resolve disputes effectively.

Russian parliament has preliminarily adopted a draft law that allows tax authorities to conduct an audit of companies (some kind of due diligence) and provide certificates on their reliability.

The assessment of financial and economic activities of the company will be based on the data available for the tax authority, company’s accounting and tax reporting.

Currently, only a company itself can receive an assessment of its activities from tax authorities. Also third parties will be allowed to request such report soon.

The tax authority will check the main facts about the company, whether it is in liquidation, bankruptcy, or recorded in the register of unscrupulous suppliers; accounting and tax reporting, level of tax burden, regularity of reporting, financial results, etc. will be analyzed by the authority. Based on the results of the assessment, the company will be assigned a score.

Before sending the report to a third party, the tax authority will ask the company itself whether it agrees with its assessment. If it does not agree, it can send objections to the tax authority and attach supporting documents.

The report will be submitted to the applicant within 10 working days. The authenticity of the report may be verified via a QR code.

Since 2026 the amount of compensation for trademark violations will increase. The maximum amount will be 10 million rubles (currently it is 5 million).

A trademark holder has the right to demand fixed compensation instead of proven damages. However, courts rarely award compensation in the requested amount and may reduce it several times.

Compensation limits have also been increased for other IP violations.

The law also defined the procedure for calculating compensation for simultaneous illegal use of several IP objects as well as introduced other innovations.

The charter of a Russian LLC can now provide that the company's participation in unions and associations can be decided by the executive board. Previously, this required a decision of the general meeting of shareholders or the board of directors.

The ability to delegate this decision to the board of directors or the executive board has also appeared for public joint-stock companies. Previously, this option was available only to non-public JSCs.

Wordings regarding companies’ participation in associations have been updated also in other laws.

Russian legislators will provide citizens with the ability to manage their personal data via Gosuslugi (Russian e-government portal).

Starting March 1, 2028, Russian companies that process personal data will be required to transfer information about such processing to Gosuslugi. The list of data and cases of transferring information about their processing will be approved by the government.

At the same time, citizens will be able to grant or revoke consents for processing of their personal data via Gosuslugi.

Additionally, data operators will be prohibited to request consent for personal data processing when such consent is not required by law.

Click the link and contact us to process personal data in accordance with the law!

kerosinsky.com/personaldata

This is a brief overview on foreign citizens that can use free medical care in Russia.

Currently, Russian Federation has a compulsory health insurance system: employers pay contributions for their employees, and employees can visit almost any clinic or hospital free of charge and access a wide range of medical services.

This system is also available to foreign citizens:

- those with a temporary or permanent residence permit and working under an employment contract or a service agreement, engaged as individual entrepreneurs or self-employed individuals, as well as students and other persons specified by law;

- those in Russia on a visa, as well as foreigners who do not need a visa to stay in Russia – if working under an employment contract or a service agreement and having 3 years of paid insurance contributions.

Highly qualified specialists receive medical care under voluntary health insurance policies.

Anyone can receive emergency medical care for free.

It's worth noting that Russian medical facilities (at least in major cities) are currently provided with top medical equipment and qualified doctors. The picture shows a free clinic in Moscow.

For more detailed advice on foreign citizens, please contact our lawyers and migration specialists at kerosinsky.com

Russian government carries out an experiment on digitalization of licensing. Companies can now obtain licenses and permits through Gosuslugi (Russian e-government portal). Currently, over 400 types of permits can be obtained online, and licensing process takes significantly less time.

By completing a single application on Gosuslugi and attaching a single set of documents, businessmen can obtain multiple permits at once. For example, by filing an "Open a Pharmacy" application, one can obtain sanitary and epidemiological reports, a pharmaceutical license, and a permit to sell medications online.

The request will be automatically distributed between appropriate authorities, and the applicant will receive notifications about each stage.

A qualified electronic signature may be required for some permits. The experiment will continue until the end of 2028.

Please contact our specialists for licensing and permitting inquiries at kerosinsky.com

As we previously reported (https://kerosinsky.com/tpost/vd09ya2431-automatic-determination-of-residency), the Federal Tax Service of Russia planned to launch a system for automatical determination of tax residency. This system will be launched in test format this December, and will be fully operational in 2026-2027.

It will become part of the governmental tax system and will be integrated with the state migration platform. This means that the tax authority will use border crossing data to determine residency automatically. Previously, residency determination was performed manually — by inquiries to the border service, examining travel passports etc.

Russian tax residents are individuals who spent in Russia at least 183 days within the last 12 months, regardless of citizenship. Residents enjoy reduced personal income tax rates (starting from 13%), while non-residents have higher rates (generally 30%).

The new system will increase budget revenues from personal income tax and will release employees and employers from the need to determine residency manually.

Please note that the new system will allow the tax authority to check residency for previous periods as well!

Please contact our lawyers and tax consultants for professional assistance on tax residency: kerosinsky.com

Currently, the main bank providing payments between Russia and India is Sber. Sber is the largest Russian bank with two branches in India (New Delhi and Mumbai). Sber has also applied to open branches in 10 more Indian cities. Payments between Russia and India via Sber are processed in minutes. In conjunction with Cheq, Sber also launched an e-wallet that allows Russian citizens to pay for goods and services in India.

VTB – a Russian bank, that also handles a significant portion of business payments between the two countries, has recently opened a second office in New Delhi. VTB also provides international money transfers for individuals.

Other major Russian banks, Gazprombank and Alfa-Bank, have also applied to open subdivisions in India. Gazprombank intends to open an additional office in New Delhi, where it already has a branch, and Alfa-Bank plans to expand to Mumbai.

Development of bank payments is part of the program to increase trade turnover between Russia and India to $100 billion by 2030, approved during the meeting of both presidents in December 2025.

Need help with a bank account in Russia or India? Our specialists have extensive experience in opening accounts and direct contacts with Sber and other major Russian banks. All details are here: kerosinsky.com

One of Russia's largest importers of premium household appliances engaged Kerosinsky Legal to protect exclusive trademark rights granted by a Swiss manufacturer.

The client sought to shut down a grey online store that was illegally using trademarks, selling counterfeit products, and misleading customers by claiming to be an official distributor.

The infringers ignored the pre-trial claim. Based on the request from Kerosinsky Legal, the domain registrar imposed a ban on operations with the disputed domain. The ban was subsequently extended by the court.

In the court of first instance Kerosinsky Legal successfully proved unlawful use of the trademarks. As a result, the Moscow State Arbitration Court prohibited the infringers from using the disputed domain and awarded compensation for violation of the client’s trademark rights.

The Ninth Arbitration Appeal Court upheld the decision. The disputed domain was transferred to the client. The court of third instance (Court for Intellectual Property) also confirmed the unlawful use of the trademarks. Thus, the client’s exclusive rights to use the trademarks in Russia were effectively protected.

Please contact Kerosinsky Legal for trademark protection and cross-border dispute resolution: kerosinsky.com/ip